Direct & Indirect Narration

when learning about direct & indirect narration first of all we have to know what is narration?

Narration:-

                     Communication or conversation between two or more persons is called narration. There are two types of narrations:-

1:-Direct Narration

2:-Indirect Narration

Direct Narration/speech:

When we report the exact words of the speaker without any change then this mood of communication is called direct speech.

Example:-

She said, “I am doing my home task now”

Indirect Narration/speech:-

When we do not report the exact words of the speaker and change them then this mood of communication is called indirect speech.

Example:-

She said that she was doing her home task then.

While changing the direct narration into indirect narration the changes we made:-

·       Conjunction that has been placed before the reported speech (Indirect statement)

·       Pronoun I had been changed into she.

·       Verb am has been changed into was.

·       Adverb now has been changed into then.

·       The direct narration are also further divided into two parts:-

          Reporting speech:-

           Reporting speech contain the words of speaker,the person who is reporting the message.

            Reported speech:-

Reported speech contain the words of speaker,whose message is reported.

Example:-

He said “I will call you”

He said is the reporting speech and I will call you is reported speech.

Rules and steps of change in speech

Tenses changes into:-

·       Present indefinite changes into past indefinite

·       Present continuous changes into past continuous

·       Present perfect changes into past perfect

·       Present perfect continuous changes into pat perfect continuous

·       Past indefinite changes into past perfect

·       Past continuous changes into past perfect continuous

·       Past perfect remains same

·       Past perfect continuous remains same

·       In all future tenses “will” change into “would”

Other changes:-

·       Today changes into That day

·       Yesterday changes into the Day before

·       Tomorrow changes into Following day

·       Is, am changes into was

·       Was, were changes into Had been

·       Did changes into Had

·       Will, shall changes into Would

·       Can changes into Could

·       Must changes into Had to

·       Ago changes into Before

·       This changes into That

·       These changes into Those

·       Last changes into The Previous

·       Are changes into  Were

·       May changes into Might

·       Now changes into Then

·       Today changes into That Day

·       It changes into That

·       Next changes into The Following

CHANGE IN PRONOUN

·       All first pronoun (I, my, mine, myself)(we, ours, ourselves) are change according to the subject of reporting speech.

·       Example:-

·       She said “I sold my car myself”.

·       She said she sold her car herself.

Second person pronoun

·         All second person (you, your, yours, yourself)are changed according to the object of reporting speech.

·         Example:-

·         She said to me, “you waste your precious time yourself”.

·         She told me I wasted my precious time myself.

3RD Person pronoun

·       All third person pronoun will remain unchanged.

·       Example

·       She said “he is busy with his toys”

·       She said that he was busy with his toys.

Changes of interrogative sentences

·         The word said is usually changed into asked or inquired. Full stop or period (.) replace the sign of question mark.

·         Example:-

·         She said, “Do you know me?”

·         She asked if I knew her.

Information Questions

·       Information question are those questions which begin with W/H.

·       Do, does and did are omitted and other auxiliary change position and used after subject noun or pronoun. If or whether is not used.

·       Question mark is omitted.

·       Example:-

·       When does she came here, “said Faraz”

·       Faraz asked when she came there.

Imperative sentence

·       Imperative sentence are those which express order command and advice.

·       The word said changed into tell, request, suggestion, permit, asked, advice, warn, remind, force, according to the sense of sentences.

·       Example:-

·       She said, “get out of my way”

·       She told me to get out of her way.

·       Reinforcement

·       The teacher said to the students, “Don’t waste your time”.

·       The teacher advised the students no to time waste.

·       She said to me, “Please come with me”.

·       She requested me to come with her.

·       Exclamatory sentences

·       Exclamatory sentence are those which express joy, sorrow, admiration, surprise or other such way feelings. interjection such as Oh, Alas, Ah, Hurrah! Etc.

·       The word said change into exclaimed with, after which feeling as joy, sorrow, surprise, delight, happily, admiration, disgust and horror are used.

·       Example:-

·       The leader said, “Alas! I lost election”.

·       The leader exclaimed with sorrow that he had lost election.

·       He said, “What a lovely sight!”

·       He exclaimed with admiration that it was a lovely sight.

·       Appetitive sentences:-

·       Appetitive sentence shows wish, hope, desire and prayer.

·       The word said changed into prayed and may change into might.

·       Example:-

·       My mother said to me, “May you live long”.

·       My mother prayed that  I might live long.

·       Mixed type sentences

·       What about often introduces suggestion and is reported by suggest:

·       “Could you sign this application, please” he said.

·       He asked me to sign that application.